读马克思主义著作有感 英文版 不要用翻译工具翻译的
Marxism is a radical philosophy, a revolutionary theory of social change authored by Karl Marx, the most important of all socialist thinkers. It is a fusion of German philosophy, mainly the dialectics of Hegel , French socialism, and British political economy. This combination makes Marxism unique among other philosophies in history. The fusion itself did not happen quickly out in a thin air. It was a tedious process out of Marx’s critical observation of society and history using the scientific method. It is revolutionary because it is dialectic, and was born out of his involvement of the class struggles happening at that time in Europe.
Karl Marx was born in May 5th, 1818, into a middle class Jewish family in Trier, Germany. His father, a respectable lawyer, later converted to Christianity for security reasons. At 17, Marx enrolled in the University of Bonn to study law. There he met his future wife Jenny von Westphalen, whose father had interested him in romantic literature and in the utopian socialism of Saint-Simon. The next year, his father sent him to the University of Berlin. He abandoned his pursuit on romantic poetry and began focusing on the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, the most influential thinker in Berlin at that time. Marx became involved with the intellectuals who called themselves the Young Hegelians. The Hegelians were not a unified group but composed of two competing tendencies, the Left and Right Hegelians. Marx joined the radical Left, who accepted Hegel’s revolutionary dialectical method but rejected his conservative views.
Hegel’s dialectics explained that the world is a contradictory process, a progression of opposing elements called the thesis and the anti-thesis, resulting to the rise of the synthesis. As a process of two contradictory elements in a union, the dialectics is, also viewed as the unity of the opposites. Hegel suggested that history is a contradictory progression of ideas passing through different stages, which would finally arrive at the truth, or the Absolute Idea. The Absolute Idea is his other word for God. Marx took the dialectic theory, but rejected Hegel’s conclusion as idealistic. He said that Hegel’s dialectics was “standing on its head”, not on its feet. To put the dialectics back on its feet, Marx argued that to understand the real driving force of history, one has to look critically at society, the world, nature, and the universe. By using the scientific method, critical analysis will lead to better understanding of the world. This is the dialectical materialist approach.
According to Marx, humans, in their drive for survival have to meet their basic needs first before everything else, before they could practice religion, politics, culture, and etc…To meet their material needs is to produce. Thus, production is the driving force of history. When production, at one point in time, fails to provide the majority of people’s needs, society falls into a crisis, which causes social conflicts. Marx and his co-author, Friedrich Engels, wrote in the Communist Manifesto (1848) that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle.” Marxism itself is a philosophy born out of the contradiction within the modern economic system called capitalism. Without capitalism, there would have been no Marxism.
Capitalism was born in Europe in the 18th and 19th century out of the revolutionary struggles of the new emerging class, the bourgeoisie. Before their rise, the Church dominated politics, economics, and religion, ruling the continent by feudalism. Under feudalism, production was labored by the peasants ruled by the landlords and the clergy. Superstition dominated most peoples’ thoughts propagated by the Church. However, in a few centuries in what historians call the Medieval Period, a class of small merchants had laid out the networks of the rising economy called mercantilism. They were considered as social outcasts by the landlords who held the Catholic moral(or prejudice), believing that getting rich by selling or lending money with interest was very sinful. The aristocrats, however, were too proud to admit their appreciation of the goods delivered from afar by the merchants. The growth of small market economies gave accidental results along the process, like technological advances, for example. Their trading centers grew from small towns into big medieval cities called burghs, where the French word, bourgeois or city dweller came from.
Feudalism, did not have total ideological control over society that it ruled. The church leaders’ deadly persecution or Inquisition on freedom of thought did not stop a new generation of thinkers to challenge their authority. The Church itself was shook by schisms and the movement called Protestantism led by Martin Luther. In the heat of the conflicts masked in religion, it was no coincidence that the merchants supported the Protestants ― who preached that prosperity was the result of hard work and was highly moral. They finally found a kind of Christianity that suited well with their economic interest. The highly cultural period called the Renaissance, also, gave encouragement to a generation of freethinkers. A couple of centuries later came the dawn of the Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason. Europe was now electrified by progressive thoughts that had greatly affected the arts, science, philosophy, and other fields of knowledge that was against the interest of the Catholic Church.
Using Marxist dialectical analysis on this period of history, feudal Europe under the Catholic Church was the thesis. It was ridden with contradictions within i.e. its undemocratic and very oppressive rule on the majority that resulted into crises. The anti-thesis was growing power of the merchants that eventually challenged the church and the nobility. Feudalism, a backward system compared to the rising capitalism became futile in the face of technological advances favoring the bourgeoisie. Its armed hostility to science and reason during the Inquisition would eventually backfire in the irony of history. Spain may had all the gold plundered from her colonies, but England had the Industrial Revolution. In military warfare, the Spanish galleons were no match to the English steam-powered battleships. French feudalism embodied in the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV was ignorant of its coming downfall. The Great French Revolution of 1789 was the fullest expression of feudalism’s anti-thesis or negation. Louis XVI paid the price, literally, with his head when it was negated by the guillotine. With its economic power, the revolutionary bourgeoisie eventually became the political masters of the situation, issuing the historical Declaration of the Rights of Man. The modern institution of democracy had sown the seeds of socialism inside the womb of capitalism.
Marxism was only possible when the political, philosophical, and economic ground in Europe became favorable now to the bourgeoisie. It took the politics of the French socialists but rejected their utopianism. It applied the dialectics of Hegel in analyzing the changing society but without his idealism and mysticism. Marx referred to the works of the British economists, Adam Smith and David Ricardo on capitalism’s dynamic productivity, but criticized their denial of the real source of profit ― the workers. His thorough research about capitalism in the London library during his exile made it possible to complete the book, Das Kapital(1867), an in depth dialectical analysis on capitalism.
Marx saw capitalism as the most dynamic system throughout history. It has dominated the world within just three centuries. The endless drive for profit constantly revolutionizes technology. Reading the Communist Manifesto(while disregarding 19th century references to European history) would give one the impression that it was written for today’s generation. Capitalism has created vast wealth but also enormous poverty, a kind of crisis very peculiar from the rest of the crises in history. In ancient slave and feudal societies, crises arise out of scarcity, whereas capitalist crises today are the results of overproduction. Too many cars on sale, but too many who can not afford to buy them. Too much food stuffs in the grocery and the marketplace, letting the unsold goods to rot, while there are too many hungry and malnourished people. The United States, the world’s richest country ranks 37th in health care services.
Even after Karl Marx’s death on March 14, 1883, Marxism still remains a clear perspective on modern society. Capitalism, that has created vast inequality and modern social conflicts, will never be exempted from the laws of Hegelian dialectics. Because the corporate system is alive and dynamic, it is subject to contradictions. And contradictions lead to revolutionary situations. Optimistically, Marx already saw its agents of negation. He saw the new revolutionary class, the proletariat, as the “gravediggers” of capitalism. He advocated for the workers of the world to unite, to redistribute the wealth that they have created in the first place, and create a more humane system based on human need not corporate greed. Once the working class achieve complete victory over capital, humanity will then reach the end of history. His revolutionary ideas written 165 years ago still remains relevant today more than ever to fight for a just society.
帮你大概看了一下原作者是Eric Goden Lomocso （不是什么大师级别）在他的外国博客上找的。你用他的文章应该不容易被发现。希望能帮到你
请好心人帮我翻译一下这段文章好吗？我急用，谢谢大家！！
多数,下肢参与. 这是因为下肢也大多用于各种体育、尤其在足球(足球) 这是世界'¯最著名的体育专业. 而50%以上都涉及下肢受伤, 排名第二与上肢约占25%运动损伤,其次是头部, 躯干和脊柱(无花果、百分比足球受伤). 最常见的是踝关节损伤,其次为膝关节. 远的肩束腰排名第三. 膝关节扭伤脚踝扭伤,可确定为部分或完全破裂联胶囊 其抵押韧带结构. 它是由扭伤等创伤旋踝关节. 这段创伤,联合是扭转andlorsidebent非生理方向. 局部tendemess>略有肿胀>联合机动保守治疗往往无异常充足(录音带、溴 尖子为2-3周)二级(局部队>为标志,更加严厉以上>的意境或许稍微保守联合hyperrnobiiity 浸渍足够多(录音带、溴 尖子为3-6周)三级(彻底破裂()十一切lipamp>大型肿胀(肿胀、出血)>剧痛 >联合过度异常流动手术氮12!244¯cessa1y版权dr.vanlaack教授、亚琛、德国
肿胀英文
肿胀的英文是swell。形容词形式是swollen，意思是肿胀的，浮肿的；浮夸的；激动兴奋的。双语例句1、这种鱼的毒素会引起瘫痪、肿胀、恶心。Poison from the fish causes paralysis， swelling, and nausea。2、她的腺体肿胀且疼痛。Her glands were swollen and painful。3、她的腺体肿胀。Her glands are swollen。4、肥鹅肝产品是用强行灌食后肿胀起的鸭肝和鹅肝制成的。Production of the foie gras pt involves force-feeding geese and ducks so that their livers swell。5、他用手捂着因牙痛而肿胀的半边脸。He cupped his cheek swelled by toothache。6、脚踝四周的皮肉肿胀起来了。The flesh around the ankle had swollen up。
肿胀用英语怎么说?
短语：肿胀；膨胀用英语怎么说
短语：肿胀；膨胀
Phrases: swelling; inflation
英语 嘴巴都肿了要怎么说。
如果是人说东西无聊(除人外的一切)，无聊要用bored
例:1、这个游戏很无聊:This game is bored.
2、这个假期很无聊:This holiday is bored.
但形容人的，无聊要用boring。
例:1、我很无聊:I‘am very boring .
2、他很无聊:He is very boring
上面有人说too boring 。这个是太无聊。too的意思在英语里有:1、太;2、也
非常，很，要用very。.
“眼睛肿了”用英语怎么说？
眼睛肿了
eyes were puffed up
eyes are all of a lump
例句:
Her eyes were bunged up.
她的眼睛被打肿了
Her eyes were swollen with weeping.
她把眼睛都哭肿了。
上火牙龈肿用英语怎么说
上火牙龈肿_有道翻译
翻译结果：
Irritated swollen gums
gums_有道词典
gums
n. 牙龈，树胶；牙床（gum复数形式）更多释义>>
[网络短语]
gums 牙龈,牙龈,齿龈
chewing gums 口香糖
plex gums 复配胶,混合胶
胀的英语翻译 胀用英语怎么说
腹胀bloated
机构臃肿用英语怎么说
overstaffing in organizations
overstaffing in government （若指 *** )
膨胀在英文中怎么写？
膨胀用英文表达为swell、expand、puff。读音为[swel]，[ɪkˈspænd]，[pʌf]。重点词汇解释：1、swellv. 膨胀，肿胀；（使）凸出，鼓出；（使）增加，扩大；（声音）变响亮；充满（激情）n. 凸起处，隆起处；逐渐增长；感情高涨；浪涌；音量调节器；（非正式）名流adj. 非常愉快的；漂亮的，时髦的；adv. 极好地，出色地2、expandvt. 扩张；使膨胀；详述vi. 发展；张开，展开3、puffv. 喷出，张开；膨胀，使膨胀；抽（香烟、烟斗）；（发动机、烟囱或炉子等） 喷；喷着气前进；喘粗气；夸张；使骄傲自满；鼓吹n. （香烟）的吸；一阵（气息或风）；（非正式）呼吸；吹捧的文章；鸭绒被；粉扑；泡芙；蓬松；一阵喷烟；肿块；吹嘘，宣传广告扩展资料：swell的用法：swell的基本意思是增大，膨胀，指由于受外力的作用使物体在原有的基础上变大或处于增大的状态，或指由于疼痛，哭泣等原因而使身体的某一部位肿大或处于肿大的状态。也可用于硬度或力量的增强，含有快要涨破了的意味。引申还可指河水上涨或人群扩大。swell的过去式是swelled，过去分词是swollen或swelled。swell也可用作名词，意思是浪涛，衣着时髦的人，名人。
